In the study, "Is Beauty in the Eye of the Beholder or an Objective Truth? A Neuroscientific Answer", Grzywacz et al., the researcher explored the theories that underlie perceptual responses to beauty Matters of subjective cultural impacts and objective universal ideas define a dynamic definition of beauty. This was pointed in the Processing Fluency Theory, where an object's fluency can vary based on the level at which an individual can process the object. The level of processing in fluency can be influenced by components of symmetry, balance, and proportion. This is rooted in the evolutionary literature of perception where uniform fluency allows a greater range of self-preservation tactics in states of danger. Individuals could perceive fluency positively or negatively based on learned and evolutionary behaviors. A greater range of fluency indicates positive results, REsearcher measured this theory against visual pieces of art, in particular, early Renaissance portraits and posed or spontaneous images. The result of this observation displayed a difference in fluency were painters where more likely to prefer symmetry and balance but display less variability with intensity, Additionally, researchers observed the cognitive process correlated with the reward-learning pathway and its conjunction to aesthetic value, Researcher made note of the underlying brain regions that affect appraisal as parts of the anterior insula and basal ganglia. These are important areas that allow reward-based learning to be executed. The integration of sensory processing and reward is displayed in examples of the "red apple" where researcher frame learning as an evolutionary component that allows individuals to sustain in changing environments. This theory of learning was observed in a painting of an apple where a value prediction was made to distinguish, "value" as "aesthetic value. Individuals would weigh sensory inputs against "aesthetic value and find a positive result with "inter-competition". The challenge is now to further understand how and when individuals learn to place aesthetic value when objects are interchangeable on a sensory level.
In a related study, "Your Brain on Art: The Case for Neutoaesthetivs" by Susan Magamenm a focus on the application of Neuraetheics to Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's is referenced as interventions. To highlight Parkinson's, the article, "Why would Parkinson's disease lead to sudden changes in creativity, motivation, or style with visual art?: A review of case evidence and new neurobiological, contextual, and genetic hypotheses" by Hana Kutlikova et al. Lesions in the midbrain and Magnocellular nuclei of the basal forebrain indicate a severe hindrance in dopaminergic communication in the brain. As a result, a disruption in creativity and perception occurs. In reference to the earlier study, the effect of sensory processing of an apple and a painting of the apple should elicit the same "value" responses as a real apple. While this is likely not the case for patients with Parkinson's disease the application of the Fluency Processing theory can be applied and contrasted. A combination in the style of art can elicit a greater response in patients with neurodegenerative diseases where pieces that are more eclectic that lack symmetry but have a greater range of detail my stimulate from reward-based systems, however, the agent of objective preference could still exist despite the inability to [rpcess motivational learning skills.
These studies highlight the importance of objective and subjective modes of perception and further create dialogue for the understanding of neurodegenerative diseases, THe standard preference for objective traits in visual stimulation gives rise to further studies for therapeutic research. The appeal of creating art that may still be objective in manner but vary in degrees of fluency may stimulate regions of the brain previously unable in patients with Parkinson's. This find is key in understanding how neuroaesthetics can serve to provide healing and expression for individuals who are limited by neurodegeneration.
References
Cryzwacs, Norberto M., et al. "Is Beauty in the Eye of the Beholder or an Objective Truth? A Neuroscientific Anser." Springer Series on Bio- and Neurosystems Mobile Brain-Body Imaging and the Neuroscience of Art, Innovation, and Creativity, 2019, pp 101-110.,doi:10.1007/978-3-030-24326-511.
Magsmen S. (2019). "Your Brain on Art: The Case for Neuroaesthetics". Cerebrum: The Dana Forum on brain science, 2019, cer-07-19
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